The infrastructural principles are related to what supportive resources and infrastructures in the broadest sense are required for preparing successful science diplomacy approaches. They include capacities, capabilities and trust.

Principle	Description: “Science diplomatic activities should…”	Key questions	Example
CAPACITIES	Create, reinforce and/or draw on suitable and sufficient institutional and organisational resources, political will, reliable and inclusive knowledge resources, and gatekeeping proficiency.	· Which conditions does the activity require that are already in place? · Which conditions still need to be realised?	Accessibility of scientific knowledge and relevant stakeholders (networks): Knowledge infrastructures such as the S4D4C online knowledge resources platform (https://www.s4d4c.eu/online-knowledge-resources/) can contribute to improving this accessibility.
CAPABILITIES	Empower individuals to become trained ‘translators’, ‘multilingual’ in the sense of speaking the language of science and diplomacy and enable them to opportunistically or incidentally interact with communities beyond their daily circles both in the domain of science and/or diplomacy.	· Is the existing human capital, including skills and knowledge, appropriate for the planned activity?	Physicist negotiating for public funding: see SESAME, Lesson 7.5
TRUST	Produce mutual recognition and credibility on an individual level as well as clear ‘rules of the game’ on the process level, thereby strengthening the process and increasing its legitimacy for the individuals involved.	· How well-developed are trust relationships between potential stakeholders of the envisioned activity? · What needs to be done to improve these relationships?	Role of large scale scientific knowledge infrastructures in international cooperation: see SESAME, Lesson 7.5

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